A oralidade como objeto de ensino: por uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento da língua oral a partir do gênero debate

Abstract

How can the orality teaching be systematized from debate? This issue, which is the main theme throughtout this research, is focused on the fact that meaningful activities are considered to be essential, especially when the latter ones conceive langugae modalities as exchangeable. In other words, language modalities are regarded as a continuum between speech and writing, in a way that the latter one is an extension of the former one. We set as a research aim to propose a systematization in the orality teaching at school, taking the debate as the target text genre, by analyzing the difficulties that students demonstrated in writing this specific genre. As theoretical basis, we were guided by rationale found in the language sociointeractional perspective (BAKHTIN, 2009), which carries the interface that meets our investigation herein. In doing so, we stand on: Socio-Discursive Interactionism (SDI), mainly on the School of Geneva perspective (SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 1999; 2004); oral tradition studies (MARCUSCHI, 2001; 2003; ANTUNES, 2003; FÁVERO; ANDRADE; AQUINO, 2003); Text Linguistics, for instance: the argumentative constellation (ADAM, 1992; 2008), and discursive topic (JUBRAN, 1993); Conversation Analysis (MARCUSCHI, 1989; 2003; URBANO, 1999; PRETI, 1999); and Speech-in-Interaction (SACKS; SCHEGLOFF; JEFFERSON, 2003). In order to achieve this investigation’s aims, we relied on a qualitative action research, with the participation of one group on the 6th grade, and one group on the 7th grade from the Elementary Education. The data collection process followed this procedure: Project submission to the Ethics Committee, Pilot Research’s procedures testing, and interaction with the students envolved upon elaborating activities to have them produce debate texts. Data were registered through audio and video. Data productions consist of oral texts, elaborated by students, followed by presentation of polemic themes that might raise discussions, which is, supposedly, a starting point to producing debate. Based on these procedures, we built up a corpus in 30 classes long. Results demonstrate that the most significant obstacles faced by students while producing debate rely on two points: with respect to the argumentative construction – there are inconsistent and arguments and recurrent topic deviation, which might jeopardize this genre proposes; and the ones pertaining to orality elements – there is, on one hand, lack of planing and incertainty manifestation, hesitation and doubt (upon using some conversation markers; and, on the other hand, constant turn-takings, which contribute to ratiocinaton rupture and a break in the meaning construction of the text which is being produced by the speaker in class. For those obstacles, we propose activities that might minimize them, as well as lesson plans on the debate genre.