Múltiplas proteínas estão envolvidas nas atividades antiinflamatória e antinociceptiva do látex da planta medicinal Calotropis procera (AIT.) R. Br

Abstract

Latex is a general term used to describe fluid exudates from plants after mechanical injury. Latex from Calotropis procera is well known for its medicinal properties mainly in Indian traditional medicine. Moreover, it has been experimentally shown that it exhibits interesting biological activities such as anti-inflammation. However its latex has been reported to induce proinflammatory responses. In the present work, (1) the latex was fractionated to segregate pro- and anti-inflammatory activities; (2) assays were carried out to characterize the mechanism of action of active fractions and (3) attempts were done to identify molecules involved in anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. First, the latex was collected in distilled water (1:1; v/v) and submitted to centrifugation and dialysis steps to obtain three different fractions (FD, PL and B). These fractions were evaluated to pro- and anti-inflammatory activities using peritonitis model in rats. FD, constituted by compounds with molecular mass lower than 8,000 Da, did not exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, however induced intense neutrophil migration into peritoneal cavity of rats. The inflammation induced by FD was time and dose dependent. Moreover, it was seen that previous injection of Dexamethasone, Thalidomide and Meclizine in animals inhibited FD inflammatory responses suggesting that inflammation triggered by this fraction occurs through histamine and TNF-α release. Peptides, present in FD as shown in electrophoresis, should be involved in inflammation responses displayed by FD since such activity was diminished after 24 hour pronase treatment. Fractions PL, and B did not induce inflammatory response when injected into peritoneal cavity of animals, however intravenous injection displayed strong anti-inflammatory activity against inflammation induced by carrageenan. The anti-inflammatory activity promoted by B seems to be related to PL proteins present in B. PL fraction inhibited neutrophil migration trigged by FD. PL anti-inflammatory activity ought to be related to proteins since such activity was completely abolished after heat or pronase treatment and it still remained after acetone precipitation. Three protein sub-fractions (PI, PII and PIII) were recovered after PL chromatography on ion-exchange column (CM-Sepharose Fast flow) at pH 5.0. In spite of the fact that PI, PII e PIII were seen to be different by electrophoresis they were equally able to inhibit neutrophil migration induced by carrageenan in rats as well as abdominal writhes stimulated by acetic acid in mice. Intravital microscopy assay revealed that, PI, PII and PIII inhibit both leucocyte rolling and adhesion in mice mesenteric tissues. In addition, PI was able to induce nitric oxid production and inflammation induced by FD. These results show that multiples proteins in PL display anti-inflammatory activity and they act at different pathway of inflammation. Several experiments were performed aiming to detect the anti-inflammatory activity of PL when it was administered by oral route however, we did not obtain success. This is the first report which confirms the presence of pro- and anti-inflammatory activities and it shows that such activities are displayed by compounds suitable to be fractionated on the basis of their molecular size. In addition, these results show that anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities are displayed by proteins present in the latex